Introduction. Household dietary diversity is key element in the quality of the diet in children. Objective. To estimate household dietary diversity and chronic malnutrition (CM) in Peruvian children. Design. A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2012-2013. Setting. National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru. Participants. Children between 6 to 35 months living in Peruvian households. Interventions. Probabilistic, stratified and multistage sampling. The sample included 13216 households with 1 315 children. Dietary diversity (DO) was defined as 4-7 intake of food groups during the previous day by the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. An analysis of complex samples was made in SPSS and the weighting factor was adjusted. Percentages, chi square and OR were calculated. Written informed consent of the parents was requested. Main outcome measures. Dietary diversity. Results. 75.5% of children received from 4 to more food groups. Children (78.5%) had higher frequency of DO than girls (72.5%). Children living in urban areas had increased DO. Poor children had high DO (80.2%). Meat consumption was fourth in the order of most foods consumed by children. The DO was associated with the OC (p> 0.05). Age 6-11 was protective factor of OC. The girls, rural areas, children living in the mountains, jungle, the primary education level, poverty were associated with OC. Conclusions. Three quarters of Peruvian children age 6-35 months had adequate household dietary diversity. The DO was associated with CM although the association was not significant.

Introducción. La diversidad alimentaria estima la calidad de la dieta del niño. Objetivo. Determinar la diversidad alimentaria (DA) y la desnutrición crónica (DC) en niños peruanos. Diseño. Se realizó un estudio transversal, durante el 2012-2013. Lugar. Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú. Participantes. Niños entre 6 a 35 meses que residen en los hogares peruanos. Intervenciones. Muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. La muestra incluyó 13216 viviendas, que incluyó 1 315 niños. Se definió DA: ingesta de 4 a 7 grupos de alimentos durante el día anterior, según criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). El procesamiento se realizó mediante muestras complejas, ajustado por ponderación. Se calculó porcentajes, chi cuadrado y regresión logística. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado escrito de los padres. Principales medidas de resultados. Diversidad alimentaria. Resultados. EI75,5% de los niños tuvieron DA. Los niños (78,5%) tuvieron mayor DA que las niñas (72,5%). Los niños que habitan en el área urbana (76,5%) y pobres (80,2%) tuvieron mayor DA. La carne fue el cuarto grupo de alimento consumido. La DA estuvo asociada a la DC (p>0,05). La edad entre 6 a 11 meses fue un factor protector de DC. El sexo femenino, el área rural, vivir en la sierra, selva, el nivel educativo primario del jefe del hogar, la pobreza estuvieron asociados a la DC. Conclusiones. Las tres cuartas partes de los niños peruanos entre 6 a 35 meses tuvieron diversidad alimentaria adecuada. La DA se asoció a la desnutrición crónica, aunque no fue significativa esta asociación.

Estudos recentes comprovam a importância da leptina no comportamento alimentar. A diminuição das concentrações séricas desse hormônio está diretamente relacionada com a variação da taxa de gordura corporal e provoca alterações em eixos neuroendócrinos, levando à amenorreia e à hiperatividade, entre outras consequências. Neste trabalho estamos apresentando uma revisão bibliográfica dos principais focos de estudo que relacionam a LEP com a ANN, bem como dos efeitos do excesso e da deficiência desse hormônio sobre o comportamento alimentar. Trata-se de um esforço para converter uma grande gama de conhecimentos obtidos da literatura em um texto, objetivando prover uma visão de como a LEP, funcionando como um sinal periférico de disponibilidade de energia, pode influenciar a atividade de circuitos neuronais que controlam mecanismos associados à regulação da homeostasia energética.

Recent studies demonstrate the importance of leptin in feeding behavior. The decreasing of the serum concentration of this hormone is directly related to the body fatty amount and provokes alterations in neuroendocrine axis, causing amenorrhea and hyperactivity, among others consequences. In this paper, a review of the main aspects interconnecting leptin and anorexia nervosa is made, as well as of the effects of excess and deficiency of this hormone on feeding disease. It was an effort to convert a large amount of knowledge obtained from literature into a condensed text, aiming to provide an updated view, how leptin functioning as a peripheral signal of energy availability to central nervous system influences on the neural activity involved in regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a tolerabilidade das pacientes com incontinência urinária submetidas ao estudo urodinâmico (EUD). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 49 pacientes com queixas do trato urinário inferior submetidas ao estudo urodinâmico. Por meio de um questionário, as pacientes respondiam sobre seus anseios em relação ao exame a que iriam se submeter (medo, vergonha, ansiedade) e a expectativa de dor, por meio de uma escala visual analógica. Imediatamente após o estudo, as mesmas perguntas eram repetidas. Os resultados foram comparados antes e após a realização do EUD. A análise estatística das variáveis contínuas foi feita pelo teste t pareado, e as variáveis qualitativas foram comparadas pelo teste do Qui-quadrado. Fixou-se em 5% a hipótese de nulidade. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 49,5 (23-84) anos, sendo que 55% estavam no menacme e 45% na pós-menopausa. O principal sentimento antes do exame foi ansiedade, presente em 28 pacientes. A expectativa de dor foi de 4,29 ± 3 (antes do exame) e 2,7 ± 2,9 (após a realização do EUD) (p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O EUD apresenta baixa morbidade e desconforto psíquico. A informação prévia ao exame pode diminuir a ansiedade.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to evaluate tolerance of patients with urinary incontinence undergoing an urodynamic study. METHODS: Forty nine patients with lower urinary tract symptoms submitted to an urodynamic study were evaluated... Prior to and immediately after the procedure each patient completed a self-administered questionnaire about several emotional variables, including anxiety, pain and shame. Answers about pain were given on a visual analog scale. Mean values of continuous variables were compared using a paired t-test, whereas categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test. RESULTS: The mean age was 49.5 (23-84) years. Pain score pre-procedure was 4.29 ± 3 and after procedure was 2.7 ± 2.9 (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The urodynamic study is well tolerated by female patients and a low morbidity was found. Previous orientation can decrease anxiety.